今天，托福君打算上來(lái)談?wù)劒?dú)立寫(xiě)作主體段的寫(xiě)法。主體段的寫(xiě)法嘛，肯定是上來(lái)就得先亮出你的論點(diǎn)(姿勢(shì)要簡(jiǎn)潔有力，忌拖泥帶水)，然后用一兩句話引申和解釋一下這個(gè)論點(diǎn)(這里有套路)，再然后就是舉例(請(qǐng)用3句話搞定一個(gè)栗子)。如果按照這個(gè)套路來(lái)寫(xiě)的話，一個(gè)主體段大概能湊出120-150字左右，是不是夠啦?

　　通常，主體段的第一句話，也就是論點(diǎn)，還是比較好寫(xiě)的，因?yàn)樵跇?gòu)思階段，你已經(jīng)確定好了自己的2到3個(gè)主要論點(diǎn)是不是?那么問(wèn)題應(yīng)該是，寫(xiě)出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)后，該怎么對(duì)它進(jìn)一步elaborate呢?拋出論點(diǎn)然后直接舉例的做法是萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不能的，一來(lái)這樣太缺乏論證和細(xì)節(jié)，二來(lái)字?jǐn)?shù)也不夠哇。

　　今天這篇文章，就來(lái)寫(xiě)一寫(xiě)怎樣elaborate論點(diǎn)，或者說(shuō)怎樣論證你的觀點(diǎn)。論證的方法除了舉例論證外，還有很多，比如因果論證、類(lèi)比/對(duì)比論證、轉(zhuǎn)折論證、讓步論證、假設(shè)論證等等。事實(shí)上，邏輯清晰合理是主體段壓倒一切的首要要求。

　　一、假設(shè)論證

　　說(shuō)到假設(shè)，恐怕大家第一個(gè)想到的就是if，請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)高分范例的寫(xiě)法：

　　Taking a wide variety of subjects provides a common core of knowledge for all educated people.(論點(diǎn)) If students limited their courses to their major fields of study, they would not have a broad view of the world. Their vision would be very narrow and they would not be able to exchange views with others whose education had been limited to the study of a different field.

　　那么除了if之外，還有哪些詞可以用來(lái)表達(dá)假設(shè)邏輯呢?

　　providing that

　　unless

　　as long as

　　on condition that

　　no matter how

　　造幾個(gè)句子吧：

　　1、如果你在一小時(shí)內(nèi)能還我，我就把字典借給你。

　　You can borrow my dictionary providing that you return it in an hour.

　　2、如果你分?jǐn)?shù)不夠漂亮，你就上不了大學(xué)。

　　You cannot go to university unless you have good grades.

　　3、如果我們隨便丟棄東西，環(huán)境污染就會(huì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。

　　Pollution will get worse as long as we continue to live in a throwaway society.

　　4、如果錢(qián)被用來(lái)投資教育和醫(yī)療，那么很多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家就愿意放棄收回那些第三世界的借貸。

　　Many developed countries are willing to waive the Third World debt on condition that the money is reinvested in education and medicine.

　　5、很多國(guó)家就算再努力也無(wú)法改變財(cái)政赤字了。

　　Some countries will never be able to rectify their deficits no matter how they work hard.

　　二、因果論證

　　因果邏輯詞實(shí)在是太多了，大家都該信手拈來(lái)了吧。

　　例：

　　Serious TV shows can be used as supplementary teaching tools.(論點(diǎn)) For many American students, once they get back home, the first thing that they do is to turn on the television. Therefore, recommending to their students serious TV shows that contain reflections on history, economy, science or social justice can really help teachers extend teaching into their students’ leisure time.