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托福閱讀定位詞,你想知道的都在這里

2018-06-07

來源:托福君TOEFL

小編:環(huán)球教育整理 454
摘要:

  托福考試聽說讀寫四項中,你認為最簡單的是哪一項呢?如果托福君沒有猜錯的話,應(yīng)該是閱讀。因為我們學(xué)習(xí)英語時,閱讀所占的比重和時長是最大的,理所應(yīng)當(dāng)大家的閱讀水平都棒棒噠。有一個好的閱讀基礎(chǔ),再輔以專門的解題技巧,閱讀滿分就是你!

  今天要講的,是托福閱讀考試技巧的核心所在——定位。

  首先要弄清楚為什么定位最重要?

  其一,閱讀讀的是文章,文章的讀法除了精讀,還有略讀、掃讀、跳讀等方法。文章的重要信息需要精讀,次要信息則有選擇地讀。選擇讀什么信息,就要定位到什么信息,所以定位就是用來幫助我們快速準(zhǔn)確地找到想要讀的信息的方法。

  其二,由于托福閱讀考試時間緊張,每篇文章只有20分鐘的時間,我們根本無法做到先通讀整篇文章然后再做題,而是只能先讀題目再定位回原文,如此看來,定位豈非是最重要最大的技巧了。

  那么我們該如何選取題干中合適的定位詞呢?

  一言以蔽之,我們要選擇顯眼的詞。比如:

  1>專有名詞,即首字母大寫的人名、地名、國家名。

  首字母大寫的詞在一段文字中可謂鶴立雞群,非常顯眼。

  如William Smith,Washington, England等。

  2>數(shù)字、年代或特定的歷史時期。

  無需多說,數(shù)字直接拿來定位,一眼就找回原文。比如the 1830s。

  特定的歷史時期是什么呢,比如說Italian Renaissance(意大利文藝復(fù)興時期),the Ming dynasty(中國的明朝)等,都是特定歷史時期,這些詞也是以大寫字母開頭哦。

  3>最高級和比較級。如the most significant development,the greatest development, more…than, greater than等。最高級和比較級的形式也是容易找到的詞語。

  4>特殊的、偏僻的、少見的詞。就是那些平時你根本用不到也背不到的詞匯。比如說,serpentine soil,這應(yīng)該是某種類型的土壤,至于到底是什么土壤,who cares,你只需要用它來快速定位就好啦。

  以上這些類型的詞都是相對比較容易快速找到的顯眼的詞,但如果題干中沒有這一類型的詞又該怎么辦呢?

  如此我們就需要選用具體的名詞來做定位詞,這里的具體名詞有兩層意思:

  一是要選取名詞而非動詞或形容詞,這是因為名詞的近義詞相對較少,而動詞和形容詞的近義詞有很多,很容易被同義替換掉。比如difficult很容易被hard替換掉,如果我們選取difficult做定位詞,還要時刻關(guān)注文中與其近義的其他形容詞,增添了不必要的麻煩。

  二是要選取具體名詞而非概括性名詞。那么什么樣的詞是概括性名詞呢?比如change,變化,就是一個概括性名詞,文中可能提到了關(guān)于某個事物的具體改變,但不一定會出現(xiàn)change這個概括性的詞,因此change并不適合做定位詞。類似的詞還有很多,比如effect,result,feature,requirement等。

  那么,選擇具體名詞作定位詞就真的萬無一失了嗎?并不會。因為名詞也是有近義詞的,定位詞也是可以轉(zhuǎn)化的。下面,我們就來具體談?wù)劧ㄎ辉~的轉(zhuǎn)化問題。請看以下例題:

  Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands.

  According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that…

  我們可以選擇具體名詞image做定位詞,但回到原文會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個image的同義詞view,并且view所在的這句話才是答案句所在。也就是說,這道題考察了定位詞的轉(zhuǎn)化問題,題目難度有所加大。遇到這樣的題目,我們需要細心一些,不放過任何一個被轉(zhuǎn)化的定位詞。

  以上就是關(guān)于定位詞的選擇問題。那么,既然定位技巧這么重要,是不是可以幫助我們一步定位到答案句呢?對于簡單的題目,當(dāng)然可以。但是ETS并沒有那么好心,一定還有難題在等著你對不對?

  接下來我們就來看看定位轉(zhuǎn)移問題。

  請看例題:

  Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).

  According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because

  √ They began using a material that made the statues weigh less

  √ They found a way to strengthen the statues internally

  √ The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time

  √ The cannonballs added too much weight to the statues

  題干中有適合用于定位的大寫的專有名詞Italian Renaissance,我們通過這個詞定位回原文的第六行,讀完整句話,發(fā)現(xiàn)該句并不能回答題干所問的問題,即該句并非答案句,此時我們只能繼續(xù)往下讀文章,直到該段最后一句話,才最終鎖定答案句,這就叫定位轉(zhuǎn)移。多讀了兩三句話有木有?細節(jié)題就是這樣變難的!

  有沒有發(fā)現(xiàn),一個小小的定位詞的選擇,也有大大的道理在里面。同學(xué)們還需要自己多多體會和總結(jié)哦。

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