綜合點評

本次閱讀考試考察的均為 href="http://www.igo99.cn/toefl/yuedu/" 托福閱讀的?？荚掝}，生物學科類考了兩篇，備考課選用TPO中相關閱讀。

Passage one

學科分類

題目

生物科學

Learning standard test set

內容回憶

測試不同種類動物智商。不同物種智商不一樣，這是通過測試學習能力評估。首先舉例猴子和另一動物的對比試驗。圖形選擇，選三角形給獎勵。另外一組實驗也是圓和多邊形。通過大量實驗測評。后研究表明動物腦大智商比較高。這個測試具有參考性后有另一個實驗室是區(qū)分黑白。后提到process difference 不能說明學習能力。海豚在某實驗能力很低但把圖形換成聲音就很好 說明process difference不可避免

參考閱讀

TPO30 第一篇

Passage two

學科分類

題目

政治

中世紀歐洲政府變革

內容回憶

宗教影響力變小，政府管轄范圍變大。法國等國家建立了nation的定義 國界變得清晰（有題）荷蘭英國建立國會具有立法權。貴族地位下降官僚體系上升 但不存在取代關系。舉了變化原因（有題） 后說中國例子，商業(yè)發(fā)展政府收稅 對語言加強統(tǒng)一性。例子：法國路易十四。后提及其他方面的統(tǒng)一性

參考閱讀

TPO19 第一篇

Passage three

學科分類

題目

生物

鳥類應對食物短缺

內容回憶

鳥類食物短缺原因：1.小蟲冬天會躲進泥淖 鳥類夠不著2.食物營養(yǎng)不夠

所以鳥會更換食物，但在這個階段十分脆弱。

后提到小鳥體脂少所以不吃容易死，大鳥體脂多消耗少能支撐一周左右（有題）

再有提到鳥類的儲蓄食物 過冬等等（有題）

參考閱讀

TPO17第三篇

所考詞匯

master=skillfully，at solving problem，hierarchy = ranking，rudimentary=simple, to a degree=to some extent ，initiate=introduce， exceptional=extraordinary，install=put in place，valid=well founded,lost favor=does not preferred ,master，

綜合點評

這次考試從部分考生反映情況來看，聽力難度適中，請考生堅持用TPO中相關練習備考。

Conversation 1

話題分類

詢問場景

內容回憶

女生沒有仔細看通知記錯活動信息，物理課后也沒有遇見熟人提起活動的事所以完全不知道自己記錯了，職員告訴她活動不錯，女生比較遺憾。職員說把票賣給了其他人，所以她可以用錢買周末的。

參考聽力

TPO14 conversation1

Conversation 2

話題分類

學術討論場景

內容回憶

學生問關于某星球存在生命跡象的相關問題。教授回答有兩個重要因素：1離太陽近2 星球年齡，最近有新學說一星系中有兩顆星有生命跡象。后提及這星球名字有故事。

參考聽力

TPO5 lecture2

Lecture 1

話題分類

藝術史

內容回憶

現實派發(fā)展到抽象派畫風，抽象派的畫沒有特定具體輪廓所以觀眾對色彩反映感受較強，一個既是音樂家又是畫家的人的貢獻很大。把音樂和顏色相結合。教授本不感冒這一現象，但某實驗后覺得有科學性 還是可信的。

參考聽力

TPO8 lecture2

Lecture 2

話題分類

人文地理

內容回憶

恐龍滅絕是因為彗星撞擊地球還是火山爆發(fā)。觀點一認為地質層發(fā)現Ir元素相關證據，加上時間吻合所以，隕石帶來環(huán)境沖擊造成恐龍滅絕。教授支持觀點二認為火山爆發(fā)更加合理。

參考聽力

TPO

Lecture 3

話題分類

人文歷史

內容回憶

太平洋三角區(qū)域。爭論遠古時代是南美，印度洋群島人還是歐洲人先接觸它。部分支持前者，原因：板塊運動。后說了sweetpotato怎么傳到印度洋群島 說法一：通過歐洲說法二美洲；后對比論據覺得說法二更合理 然而需要進一步探究

參考聽力

TPO7 lecture3

Lecture 4

話題分類

生物

內容回憶

共生關系。

把某物種丟放池中，產卵于藻類有共生關系。新生物質依附藻類的情況下兩者的生長都更強壯。以前沒有發(fā)現現在發(fā)現了主要因為探究儀器更理想能看到其內部結構。學生問為什么卵的免疫系統(tǒng)不攻擊藻類教授解釋1.免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不全2.抗體太少

參考聽力

Tpo15 lecture4

綜合點評

整體難度一般，通過合理的回答結構和充分的訓練，考生可以有不錯的發(fā)揮。

Task1

考題回憶

If your university is going to invite someone to give a speech, who do you think they should invite? A businessman, a scientist or a politician?

話題分類

Familiar topics

解題思路

可根據個人喜好回答，且適合用對比的方式來闡述。比如選擇a scientist，理由可以是：1.大學生可以從a scientist上學到有益的東西，從而造福社會；2.a businessman/politician帶有太強的個人目的性不利于大學生樹立健康的價值觀。

參考范文

If I could decide which one could be invited to give a speech in my university among the three, I would definitely go for the scientist. On one hand, a scientist is keen on academic study to make the world a better place. That’s something I believe university students should learn from. He could talk about some latest researches about environment protection and that’s very valuable information for students who want to benefit the society. On the other hand, a businessman or a politician often takes too many personal interests with them, one with making profits and the other, campaign needs. I personally don’t think they will help university students with their values.

錄音

配有錄音

Task 2

考題回憶

If you have a misunderstanding with your friend, do you prefer talking it out in a public place or in a private place?

話題分類

Familiar topics

解題思路

任何一方都可以選擇，只要給出合理理由，比如選擇talk it in a private place：1.更禮貌；2.更有效。

參考范文

When I have a misunderstanding with one of my friends, I usually talk to him about it privately, and I have several reasons for that. To begin with, I believe it’s more polite to do so. If the problem is revealed in public, there is a possibility that my friend will feel embarrassed, and I don’t want to place him in an awkward position. Moreover, talking in a private place will make it more effective to solve the misunderstanding. As the two parts are in a comfortable and relaxed environment, it’s just easier for us to communicate our true feelings, thus fixing the problem. That’s why I think a private place would be better.

錄音

配有錄音

Task 3

考題回憶

閱讀部分

學校計劃在周六開商務課并降低學費。

聽力部分

女生同意。理由：1.很多全職工作的學生有機會上這門課；2.減輕了學生的經濟負擔。

話題分類

Campus situation

解題思路

先概述閱讀部分的建議內容，再表達的觀點，然后分別闡述她的兩個理由。

參考范文

The main idea of the reading passage is that the university is planning to offer business class on Saturdays while at the same time lower the tuition fee. In the conversation, the woman agrees with the plan, and she has two reasons. The first reason is that a lot of students who take business class also work full-time. Since the business class will now be offered on Saturdays, it means it's more possible for students who work full-time to take the class. As for the second reason, she points out that lowering the tuition fee will benefit many students because it makes it possible for more students to take the class. They will be able to afford it. That’s why the woman totally supports the pan.

錄音

配有錄音

Task 4

考題回憶

閱讀部分

一個概念：loss aversion。

聽力部分

教授舉例:對買東西損失的十美元躩而不舍，對送的十美元卻不感興趣。

話題分類

Academic contents

解題思路

先解釋術語的概念，再闡述教授給的例子來印證概念。

參考范文

The reading passage reveals the concept of “l(fā)oss aversion”, which means people tend to be more sensitive about the money or property that they’ve lost. In the lecture the professor offers us an example to illustrate it. He once went to a supermarket and bought 20 dollars worth of food, but the cashier made a mistake and charged him 30 dollars instead. When the professor realized the mistake, he decided to drive all the way back to the supermarket to get his 10 dollars back. But a couple of days later, his friend told him that a new cafe in town was giving 10 dollars to whoever was willing to try their new coffee, but the professor just wasn't interested in going at all.

錄音

配有錄音

Task 5

考題回憶

對話里女生遇到的問題是周末的壞天氣給計劃好的露營活動帶來不便?，F在有兩種解決方案:第一種是延遲露營活動；第二種是堅持原計劃并帶上雨具。

話題分類

Campus situation

解題思路

先復述問題，解決方案；然后在兩個方案中選擇一個并闡述理由。

參考范文

The woman's problem is that she's the president of the camping club and she's supposed to take everyone camping this weekend, unfortunately the weather report said that it was going to rain. There are two possible solutions. The first one is to postpone the trip and go camping next weekend instead. And the second solution is to go this weekend and remind everyone to bring a raincoat. If I were in her shoes, I'd go for the first solution because her club members would probably understand since it's not really something within her control. I personally don't recommend the other solution because if it really rains, the members will have to stay inside the tents. There is no point of going camping if they can't even go outside.

錄音

配有錄音

Task 6

考題回憶

講座中教授講述了熱帶雨林支撐生物的多樣性的兩個原因：溫暖的氣候和頂層的遮蓋。

話題分類

Academic contents

解題思路

先說主題，再闡述主題下面的兩個分論點。

參考范文

In the lecture, the professor has talked about two characters of rainforest to support the living diversities there. The first one is the warm climate. Orchids are provided as an example here. They are pretty sensitive to the temperature. As a result orchids can hardly survive the cold environment, but since the climate in the rainforest is relatively warm, the orchids can grow very well there. The other character is about canopy. The canopy created by layers and layers of leaves in the rainforest blocks the sunlight, so the environment on the ground is quite different from the environment over the canopy. A plant that can survive at that height will die once it falls onto the ground.

錄音

配有錄音

綜合點評

本次寫作題目與之前難度持平。綜合寫作聽力部分注意收集針對閱讀相應問題提供的解決方法，細節(jié)盡量詳盡。獨立寫作是環(huán)保類的話題，從其它能夠有助于環(huán)境保護的方式思路入手，更容易形成理由段。

綜合寫作

話題分類

閱讀提出某種做法會導致的問題，聽力提供解決之道。屬于“問答類”題型。

考題回憶

總論點

犀牛數量銳減，科學家將其關在籠子里。閱讀指出這樣做會導致三方面的問題，聽力反駁并提出解決方案

閱讀部分

閱讀文章說了三點：

第一點此舉造成母犀牛不孕；

第二點犀牛經常在harder surface表面走，會導致腳部疾?。?/span>

第三點此舉會導致大腦紊亂

聽力部分

聽力不認同閱讀的觀點。

第一， 不孕可以通過改變飲食調節(jié)犀牛的激素。動物園里的食物alfalfa 和hay太多了，導致激素的不平衡，缺少兩種激素。只要補充在食物里即可恢復；

第二， 有先進的radio graphic image設備，可以照骨骼和組織的照片。早發(fā)現可以早治療，治療痊愈的幾率更大。

第三， 小犀牛會得這種病是因為它的生母太老了。老犀牛會分泌toxic chemical elements,從而導致了疾病。只要讓年輕的犀牛生育就可以了。

解題思路

綜合寫作基本框架思路。注意轉述內容時側重于聽力部分，且以表意清晰為上。

參考范文

綜合寫作參照(考場回憶信息量有限，僅供參考)

The professor explained three ways to better look after the captive rhinos, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage concerning infertility, foot diseases, and brain disorder.

First, the professor pointed out that feeding rhinos too much hay and alfalfa should be one of the reasons to lead to infertility. This problem can be directly manipulated by altering the rhinos’ diets. Once the female rhinos could get a valid way of supplementing necessary hormones, they can regain their fertility. This measure had been proven very effective in addressing the first problem mentioned in the reading –captive rhinos had serious fertility problems.

Second, the reading showed that rhinos always walk on some hard surface, which could be the common cause of foot disease. The lecturer explained that the advanced radio graphic image equipment can help the crews take the image of the sick rhino’s bones and tissues so that the foot diseases can be detected early and managed. And early detection and treatment can significantly increase the chance of survival. As a result of this, the second problem highlighted in the reading concerning foot disease had been significantly addressed.

The professor’s last point concerned the final problem raised in the reading material –young rhinos were likely to suffer from a kind of brain disorder. The speaker argued that this situation only happened when the rhino which gave the birth was very old. Usually, a too old female rhino would secrete toxic chemical elements when they were giving birth. Therefore, this problem can be worked out particularly well by making the younger rhinos bear the responsibility of reproduction.

本篇范文可以借鑒的模板

The professor explained three ways to ______________, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage concerning______, ______, and_______.

First, the professor pointed out that___________________. This measure has proven very effective in addressing the first problem mentioned in the reading – ____________________.

Second, the reading showed that______________________. The lecturer explained that______________________. As a result of this, the second problem highlighted in the reading concerning ________has been significantly addressed.

The professor’s last point concerned the final problem raised in the reading material –

_______________. The speaker argued that______________________________.

獨立寫作

話題分類

環(huán)保類話題。因為命題中有should, 如果加個only進入命題，那么更能夠感覺到題目中可以形成極端觀點，從而使用駁論結構展開。

考題回憶

Some companies provide important products or service, but also damage environment. Some people believe that government should require more penalty, higher tax and larger fine of these companies, while others believe there are better ways. Which do you prefer?

解題思路

環(huán)保類話題?？紤]使用駁論結構，肯定罰款具有一定的震懾作用，但是罰款的不是最有效的也不能解決根本問題，并提供其它有效方式以及作用影響即可。

參考范文

Nowadays, human beings are facing an issue of environmental degradation and pollutant emission by some companies is to blame for many of these problems. Some people put the blame on those irresponsible companies and claim that the most effective solution for the government is to impose harsh penalties on violators. I’m not denying that environmental protection should be the government’s top priority. However, to my understanding, there should be more efficient practices for the government to take to protect our environment, such as to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution, to invest more on researching new energy sources, and to protect forests and natural wildlife species.

Indeed, more penalty, higher tax and larger fine of these pollutant corporation could be a deterrent to some extents. Considering a large fine for causing pollution, these companies might start to make great efforts in technical innovation and figure out ways to reduce the amount of pollution. However, a government should not expect to solve this problem only with heavy fines. The problem can't be eradicated entirely. On the contrary, these problems are likely to grow far worse in coming years. These companies may choose to produce more products to balance the loss, which means they would burn more gas and emit more pollution. In this case, the government will be confronted with more serious environment problem, such as the scarcity of traditional energy sources, global warming, and pollution as well. Therefore, depending too much on penalties is actually not a good way.

However, in order to protect the environment, there are other options available. For instance, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. For example, exhaust from cars is the major source of air pollution. If clean energy could replace petrol, cars could be powered by solar energy. The development of new energy and application of solar energy will cause no harm to environment.

Moreover, the main cause of the environment issue is that there is a comparative lack of strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. According to a recent survey, the haze is mainly caused by the waste gas emission from vehicles and large-scale industries in areas surrounding the city. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.

Based on the above discussion, I’m mostly in disagreement with taking harsher penalties for companies to reduce the pollution, since there are better alternatives which can help achieve the goal.